SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

</head>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="PLX_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PLX (disambiguation)">PLX (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p><b>PLX</b>, abbreviation of <b>Picatinny Liquid Explosive</b>, is a liquid binary <a href="Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a>. It is a mixture of 95% <a href="Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">nitromethane</a> (NM) along with 5% <a href="Ethylene_diamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylene diamine">ethylene diamine</a> (EDA) as a sensitizer. Other <a href="Amine" title="Amine">amine</a> compounds can be used instead of ethylene diamine, such as <a href="Triethylene_tetramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Triethylene tetramine">triethylene tetramine</a>, <a href="Diethylenetriamine" title="Diethylenetriamine">diethylenetriamine</a> or <a href="Ethanolamine" title="Ethanolamine">ethanolamine</a>, but EDA has been found to be the most effective amine additive. PLX is a fairly powerful <a href="High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosive</a>, marginally exceeding the destructive yield of <a href="Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2></div>

<p>PLX, when mixed, is a transparent liquid with a yellow-orange tint. Ethylene diamine is very volatile, requiring the contents to be sealed if any storage is intended. Generally, for safety purposes, the contents are transported separately and mixed on site. PLX is known to have a <a href="Velocity_of_detonation" class="mw-redirect" title="Velocity of detonation">velocity of detonation</a> (VoD) of anywhere between 6,000 and 7,000 m/s, depending on diameter. Although greatly sensitized by the addition of EDA, PLX still requires a powerful <a href="Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting cap</a> or a small booster charge to successfully detonate.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_discovery">Uses and discovery</h2></div>

<p>PLX was invented during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by the <a href="Picatinny_Arsenal" title="Picatinny Arsenal">Picatinny Arsenal</a> in New Jersey. It was originally designed to clear <a href="Minefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Minefield">minefields</a> by being spread via plane over the targeted area or poured from a safe distance and detonated by troops on the ground.

</p><p>This explosive can also be <a href="Gel" title="Gel">gelled</a> through the addition of <a href="Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a>, <a href="Erythritol_tetranitrate" title="Erythritol tetranitrate">ETN</a>, or any number of soluble <a href="Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate esters</a> or <a href="Gelling_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelling agent">gelling agents</a>. This allows for powdered metals, such as <a href="Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> or <a href="Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, to be suspended in the mixture. The metal powders act as <a href="Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, increasing heat and energy output but lowering the <a href="Brisance" title="Brisance">brisance</a> and <a href="Detonation_velocity" title="Detonation velocity">velocity of detonation</a>. The result is a more sustained blast wave and a "push and heave" effect, desirable for <a href="Thermobaric" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermobaric">thermobaric</a> purposes. Trzciński reports that 200 grams of a mixture of NM with PMMA as gelling agent and AlMg (45:55, mean particle size = 63 microns) as fuel, in a ratio of 67.2/2.8/30 by mass, has a peak overpressure of 120 kPa 2 m from the(open air) blast site, a 1.65 TNT equivalency in peak pressure, and a 1.62 equivalency in shockwave impulse.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reference, 104 kPa is widely regarded as a pressure where 50% of eardrums fail.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is still 3 - 5 times less than the pressure needed to achieve a 50% fatality rate via pulmonary injury as per the Bass/Bowen equations (standing adult, facing any direction).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>PLX has been implicated as one of the materials capable of being used in catastrophic terrorism, as most steel core columns can not withstand the detonation of 10 – 30 kg PLX in direct contact (explosive on bare steel). Nitromethane and its gelling agents are freely sold to the public in the US, though. Its sale to the public was banned in the EU in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>It was the supposed explosive used in the film <i><a href="Die_Hard_with_a_Vengeance" title="Die Hard with a Vengeance">Die Hard with a Vengeance</a></i>. However, the film grossly exaggerated the sensitivity of this explosive mixture.

</p><p>PLX was one of the explosives used to down <a href="Korean_Air_Flight_858" title="Korean Air Flight 858">Korean Air Flight 858</a> along with <a href="C-4_(explosive)" title="C-4 (explosive)">C-4</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFChoGaoXiaWang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Sung-Il; Gao, Simon S.; Xia, Anping; Wang, Rosalie; Salles, Felipe T.; Raphael, Patrick D.; Abaya, Homer; Wachtel, Jacqueline; Baek, Jongmin; Jacobs, David; Rasband, Matthew N.; <a href="John_Oghalai" title="John Oghalai">Oghalai, John S.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698122">"Mechanisms of Hearing Loss after Blast Injury to the Ear"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (7): e67618. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...867618C">2013PLoSO...867618C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0067618">10.1371/journal.pone.0067618</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698122">3698122</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23840874">23840874</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChoGaoXiaWang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cho, Sung-Il; Gao, Simon S.; Xia, Anping; Wang, Rosalie; Salles, Felipe T.; Raphael, Patrick D.; Abaya, Homer; Wachtel, Jacqueline; Baek, Jongmin; Jacobs, David; Rasband, Matthew N.; Oghalai, John S. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698122">"Mechanisms of Hearing Loss after Blast Injury to the Ear"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (7): e67618. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...867618C">2013PLoSO...867618C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0067618">10.1371/journal.pone.0067618</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698122">3698122</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23840874">23840874</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044706/https://www.ffi.no/no/Rapporter/2012%20-%2000539.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ffi.no/no/Rapporter/2012%20-%2000539.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206002058/https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/crisis-and-terrorism/explosives/explosives-precursors/docs/guidelines_on_the_marketing_and_use_of_explosives_precursors_en.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/crisis-and-terrorism/explosives/explosives-precursors/docs/guidelines_on_the_marketing_and_use_of_explosives_precursors_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2023-11-07" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=PLX&oldid=1184002125">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>